We Must Put an End to Police Brutality - 4558 Words

Rodney King, one of America’s most powerful civil rights activists for people abused by police, has taught the world a lesson in his plea: â€Å"People, I just want to say, can’t we all get along?† On March 3, 1991, after a high-speed chase, King was pulled out of his car, thrown on to the ground, and beaten up by the Los Angeles police, which George Holliday videotaped. The four L.A.P.D. officers involved were charged with assault with a deadly weapon and one officer was charged with using of excessive force. However, after a three-month trial, which was held in Simi Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, a predominantly white jury acquitted the officers. This inflamed the citizens, which resulted in the violent 1992 Los Angeles riots. In this†¦show more content†¦Even sitting in a parking lot to rescue one’s child can result in an assault. Tiffany Hobbs, a victim of police abuse, offers an interesting and important perspective on the subject of police misconduct because of her experience and that of her children, including her unborn baby. While Hobbs was waiting in the driver’s seat of her car for her husband to finish checking out at Walgreens, her youngest accidentally fell out of the car. As Hobbs checked to make sure her child was not hurt, a police car pulled up and blocked her in. The officer began to write Hobbs a ticket for loitering. However, Hobbs was upset because she was visibly pregnant, simply putting her daughter back into the car. When Hobbs got back into her car, she locked the door. Unfortunately, after Hobbs locked the door and rolled the window down to talk to the officer, the officer used a Taser gun on her. All Hobbs remembers is hearing her children screaming and crying. Additionally, as Hobbs began to have chest pains, she realized that wires were hooked to her. Overall, she was scared n ot only for herself, but also for the life of her unborn child. Hobbs decided to open the car door and was forced to lie down with her hands cuffed tightly behind her back, while her breasts and belly were exposed. Hobbs recalls that she later heard a female officer say, â€Å"She’s pregnant.† The arresting officer told her that he tasered Hobbs because he thought Hobbs was a flight risk, even though Hobbs was blocked inShow MoreRelatedWe Must Put an End to Police Brutality2016 Words   |  9 Pagessingle day in America, the prime suspects†¦ our police force. There are various stories and reports that all support one consensus; our law enforcement officers are overstepping their boundaries and transcending the division between military and police as well as inching America toward being a police state. Preventative measures must be taken or the future of our freedom will be glum. There are many solutions for this issue for example: restrict police force numbers, a mend the constitution accordinglyRead MorePolice Brutality Is Not A Problem1545 Words   |  7 PagesPolice officers are individuals who enforce the law upon their community to ensure that their citizens remain safe. In the past couple of years, officers of the law have been involved in acts of brutality that seem to go beyond the proper measurements of protection for their citizens. Policemen are supposed to protect their citizens from danger and from harm, not impose a threat on them. The fact that officers have a history of abusing their power indicates that their trust amongst the communityRead MorePersuasive Essay On Police Brutality1079 Words   |  5 Pagessimplest procedures such as a traffic stop. Most do not even want to encounter a policer officer. The reason why? Police brutality. The article Police Brutality by gale defines police brutality as: The use of unnecessary, excessive force by police in their encounters with civilians. The force used is beyond what would be considered necessary in the situation at hand. (Police Brutality). The same individuals who are supposed to protect and serve the citizens of the United States have instilledRead MorePolice Violence Has Gone On Since Slavery Times959 Words   |  4 PagesPolice violence has gone on since slavery times, but had a big impact on the early 40’s- late 60’s. On June 27, 1969 Helen Smith stood with Donald Best, patrolman Alvin Nachman approached with his dog and ordered to â€Å"hold the noise down†. No neighbors had complained about anything, the police dog attacked Ms Smith and as she fought off the officer maced Ms Smith. She had to get a total of 75 stitches over her body, and was charged with assault on an officer (Alexandria Wicle). In the 90’s policeRead MoreIs Excessive Force in Police Brutality Related to Race Essays670 Words   |  3 Pagescivil disobedience, increasing cases of police brutality are growing at an exponential rate. Often cases of police brutality are brought to our attention through public media showcasing very disturbing and sometimes unla wful situations. Some may say that prejudice toward certain ethnicities may be the root cause of this recent influx. However, some may say that resulting social inequalities towards certain ethnicities may bring about frustration thus causing police officers to use more force more oftenRead MoreA Brief Note On Police Brutality And America1098 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 18, 2015 ENG 1113 CRN 12896 E4FD Police Brutality in America On April 12th, 2015, a young man named Freddie Gray, was arrested for allegedly having an illegal switchblade on his person. That same day, Gray entered a police van for transport, seemingly fine. Only to leave that same police van half an hour later, in a coma, with severe injuries to his spinal cord. Thirty minutes is all it took, for a seemingly healthy man, to end up in the back of an ambulance. He died one week laterRead MorePolice Brutality And The Law Enforcement846 Words   |  4 Pagesdemonstrating the brutality of law enforcement has been becoming more frequent over the past couple of years. When you hear about these cases of police brutality, how often is it that law enforcement officials are punished for the crime they have perpetrated? Most of the time the law enforcement officials, who are very well in the wrong do not get any kind of punishment whatsoever for the crimes that they have committed and it all comes back to the power that they have. Police brutality cases have beenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Racism And Brutality By Cassandra Chaney1226 Words   |  5 PagesIn the article, Racism and Brutality in America, author Cassandra Chaney presented the case of Rodney King, a forty-seven year old African-American taxi driver, who was brutally attacked four LAPD police officers. According to her novel, the aim of her study was â€Å"to examine how the public generally perceive police and how race and racism shape this discourse.† Unfortunately, the public was left clueless. Rodney King’s case was left unfinished as the media never released any studies of implicationsRead MorePolice Brutality Is An Act Of Aggression And Unnecessary Force1571 Words   |  7 Pagesestimate annual cost of police misconduct to taxpayers is 1.8 trillion dollars (Wing 2015)? Police brutality is an act of aggression and unnecessary force to handle a situation, most cases in physical form. It also plays a role in ethnicity, not all, but most police officers are still racial profiling. This controversy has been an issue of the U.S criminal justice system for decades, especially among minorities. In 2015, a record 1,207 people were killed by American police, making us the only nationRead MoreThe Monster And The Police1512 Words   |  7 Pageshumans when they obtain power, even those who are bound or enforce the law. Mark Neocleous explores this within his article titled The Monster And The Police, Dexter To Hobbes, published on May/June 2014 within the Journal: Radical Philosophy 185. Within this journal article; Neocleous discussed the problem of police brutality and the attitude that police have about themselves regarding the authority they possess that they may place before the law, and the need for such behaviour to be revoked. He introduces

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Immigrants And Multi Generational Citizens Essay - 1887 Words

Introduction Immigration is one of the central themes of the founding of the United States and as such it is often the epicenter of controversy among both citizens and policymakers. Throughout the twentieth century, American citizens and policymakers have brought to the forefront the importance of immigration and the role immigrants play within society. This can be a cause of friction between immigrants and multi-generational citizens because immigrants are often viewed with a negative connotation. They are often blamed for stealing jobs from hardworking citizens, draining the healthcare system and adding to the homeless population. They are associated with crime, poverty and in general they are perceived as undesirable members of society (Spenkuch, 2014). The relationship between crime and immigrants is of particular importance because there is a common perception that immigrants cause crime and their neighborhoods are riddled with criminal activity. Also important to note is that the characteri stics of immigrants tend to coincide with members of the native-born population that are disproportionally incarceration. In general, they are poorly educated, earn low wages and are young, males. This led to the perception that incoming immigrants continuously add to the lower class, criminal population. In order to clearly understand the relationship between the two concepts they must be examined both from a theoretical and empirical viewpoint Empirical Data Historically,Show MoreRelatedAmerica Is A Nation That Created By Settlers And Immigrants948 Words   |  4 PagesBeing an American is different from being a citizen of any other country for numerous reasons. America is a nation that was created by settlers and immigrants; it boasts an inherently diverse assemblage of citizens, unlike many other countries in the world. It’s a country that was built by people with a distinct set of values that honor an individual’s â€Å"God-given† rights; a set of values that further shaped how the world came to understand and view humanity. Admittedly, what I’ve come to learnRead MoreMigratory Implications Of Media On Interracial Relationships1641 Words   |  7 Pageshave prevented and assisted them. One part of the conclusion is although these laws did not formally prohibit interracial couples from getting married in the same manner that state antimiscegenation laws did, they collectively created obstacles to citiz en-noncitizen unions, and especially to interracial couples who sought to enjoy the benefits, rights, and privileges of marriage (Villazor, 2011). This will aid in explaining how this is portrayed throughout media, and its effect on public opinion andRead MoreGang Violence And The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have been a part of American culture in the United States since the early 19th century when immigrant youth organized themselves into street gangs as a means of urban and economic survival. Today, gang violence has reached an almost catastrophic level in the United States. Criminal street gangs have become one of the most serious crime problems in California. Gang violence accounts for one of the largest personal threats to public safety for nearly all the cities in this state. Salinas, CaliforniaRead MoreReflection Paper On Cultural Immersion1732 Words   |  7 PagesSister worked there for a few years in the entertainment industry in the late 1960s. My fir st husband was half-Puerto Rican and half-French and he was born on the island and brought to the United States as a little boy. His family lived in a multi-generational household and his Mom was an amazing cook who watched the novellas everyday with her sisters. I interviewed a young-adult Afro-Puerto Rican male in his mid-thirties for this cultural immersion assignment. I didn’t expect to learn more thanRead MorePay For Performance And Employee Performance3267 Words   |  14 Pagesdecision making process. As Denhardt, Denhardt Aristigueta (2013) stated, â€Å"Each person is influenced by his/her position, perceptions, practices, and priorities† (p.139). This model is appropriate to use when the organizations are facing complex multi-level issues. However, there are some problems existing in the Model III. The process is very complex, and the final outcome will be depends on the positions and rights of the decision makers. People with high position or power will rule out the adverseRead MoreEssay about How Social Media is Changing Social Relationships2635 Words   |  11 Pagesconnecting and maintaining the relationship with family members. There are dramatic changes in the ways that family members communicate with one ano ther through the use of new media (Bengston 2001). Recent research shows that a rising number of recent immigrants use ICTs to maintain a strong contact with their extended families back home (Falicov 2007, P157). Family members in these dispersed families choose media software, such as Skype and QQ, to keep connection and sustain the strong ties. In the well-developedRead MoreMarketing Involving Hispanic Americans and the Internet Essay2878 Words   |  12 Pagespersons in the United States will be of Hispanic origin (Guzman). The Hispanic population of the United States is still very concentrated, with around 50% of the members residing in Texas (7,315,000 Hispanic citizens - 33.6% of the population) and California (11,936,000 Hispanic citizens - 34% of the population) (Guzman). However, as a major demographic force, Hispanics will continue to move beyond there traditional strongholds; states showing evidence of this include Illinois, Nevada and GeorgiaRead MoreWork-Life Balance : a Comparative Study of South-East Asian Countries6004 Words   |  25 Pagesdefinitions and explanations vary, work/life balance is generally associated with equilibrium, or maintaining an overall sense of harmony in life. The study of work/life balance involves the examination of people’s ability to manage simultaneously the multi-faceted demands of life. Work–Life balance is at the core of issues central to human resource development (HRD). Grzywacz and Carlson (2008) provide evidence to the effect that, implicitly or explicitly, work–family balance is at the core of HRD’sRead MoreMarketing Is A Societal Process10294 Words   |  42 Pagesunderstand their market and have approached it through market segmentation and targeting. The company looked at its customer base and found that 80 percent are women. With this in mind, CVS redesigned 1,200 of its 6,200 stores to meet the needs of busy, multi-tasking women by offering shorter wait times for prescriptions, wider and better-lit shopping aisles, and more beauty products. In doing so, it fulfilled the requirement of all good marketing orientated companies – it identified the needs of its customersRead MoreSocio-Cultural Development17197 Words   |  69 Pagesincluded in the economy or the political system. Economic life is organized primarily through a market in which individuals relate to one another as buyers and sellers and the purpose is production. In political life individuals relate to one another as citizens and the basic purpose is making collective decisions and rules. The economic and political systems together create the conditions—goods, services and rules—which we all need in order to live the kinds of lives that we choose. The socialcultural environment

International NGOs and the Aid Industry - 1024 Words

The Article â€Å"International NGOs and the Aid Industry: constraints on international Solidarity† by Molly Kane is about the Make Poverty History campaign, which is a campaign that tried to eliminate global poverty using governmental action. It was initiated by NGOs trying to gain more aid, to help eliminate third world countries debt, and to help solve trade injustice. The campaign noticed an increase in North American development NGOs, and how all of them were campaigning for social change globally. Issues with social justice and aid depending on international politics are the most significant factors influencing African social, economic, and political life due to the fact that there is colonial ruling. The article talks about how poverty is the main problem facing third world countries, rather than rights and freedom. Increased financial dependence of INGOs has made third world countries dependent on the aid industries development. The process of decolonization was starte d to free the African nations from European colonial rule. The Article â€Å"NGOs, A Tainted History† by Firoze Manji and Carl OCoill is about how NGOs form a prominent part of the development machine in the developing world. With the thousands of NGOs that are now present in the world, their role in development is increasing every year. While their work contributes marginally to the relief of poverty, it also undermines the struggle of the African people to relieve them from economic, social and politicalShow MoreRelatedCritically Examine the Geopolitics of Humanitarian Aid Within the 21st Century.2228 Words   |  9 PagesCritically examine the geopolitics of humanitarian aid within the 21st century. How have responses to famine changed over time and what are the key challenges to famine prevention today? Geopolitics have played a huge role in humanitarian aid in the current century. Because humanitarian aid is largely sponsored by western countries it poses a huge problem in the form of a â€Å"parochial form of theorizing1 that supports the interests of the richest countries of the world. For the purpose of this essayRead MoreThe Combat Against Poverty Has Been An Ongoing Battle That1464 Words   |  6 PagesFurthermore, after the development of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by the United Nations in 2001, a handful of Non-Government Organizations (NGO) and business entities began capitalizing on the creation of these MDG’s. That being said, many NGO’s distributed MDG related advertisements (which incorporates the heart warming feeling individuals get when helping others) in order to encourage the public to donate to impoverished countries. Whereas, business corporations utilize a unique businessRead MoreFast Fashion, And The Corporate Globalization Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesexample; Bangladesh is the second largest clothing exporter in the world behind China, but Bangladesh has the lowest monthly minimum wage for garment factory workers. The Canadian government to keep its local companies competitive in the fashion industry, dropped the importing duties from Bangladesh, which in turn almost forced Canadian companies to relocate their factories to Bangladesh where labour was much cheaper allowing them to gain a higher profit, while still keeping the price of their garmentsRead MoreDemocracy and Government853 Words   |  3 PagesHowever the purpose of democracy is that it allows the ideals of minorities to be expressed. This balanced system allows for all to have a voice. Unfortunately many times Lobbyists and political parties can generalize the will of the people, serving industries more than citizens. However this is often checked up on, and with recent emergence of third parties, the voice of people can be heard. Democracies are set to address the issues which adolescents believe are important, and many have infrastructureRead More Illicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem1291 Words   |  6 Pages Illicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem Drug trafficking and illicit trade have proven to be major problems that the international community face as it enters into the twenty-first century. Currently the illegal drug trade market is one of the largest sectors of the modern global economy. Because of this fact, the drug trade is deeply rooted in many nations economic and social cultures, which makes it very difficult to control. Drug trafficking also brings with it theRead MorePeering Through Spectacles Of The English School, Has Provided1648 Words   |  7 PagesSchool, has provided valuable insight into the mechanics of international affairs, in which I had little prior knowledge. I have always believed that the United Nations assisted countries to co-operate by allowing the diversities to be acknowledged and respected, providing equality amongst the nations, even if relations have sometimes been strained. The English School are a group of scholars who believe that the state actors form an international society which hel ps to establish a co-operative environmentRead MorePollution Is A Business Problem1724 Words   |  7 PagesEach year industries use over 4 million pounds of materials to provide the average American family with the necessities it needs for one year. However, many of these products are not biodegradable and produce a considerable harm to the environment resulting in air and water pollution. 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The world is split in two, on one side the prosperous global north whose early industrialisation and development has led to the population having long lasting and comfortable lives, while on the other side, the global south falters collapsing in a pit of poverty and despair. The answer would seem simple, for the rich and well-off to give generously to the poor, so that the whole world can share in the abundant resources that this planet produces. However, sixtyRead MoreHiv / Aids Impact And Intervention1538 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS Impact and Intervention Group Research Assignment Russia 1. General background and statistics Physical Geography : the largest country in the world in size, with an area of more than 6.6 million square miles. Location : Northern Asia and Eastern Europe. Total Population : about 144 million citizens. Demographic : Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% (Russia - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette) Major

Froebels Idea Of The Importance Of Play Education Essay Free Essays

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) is commonly best known as the conceiver of the Kindergarten system. He was a German educationist who was brought up with a strong Christian religion, which was polar to his educationist idea. His love for nature besides weighs heavy on his thoughts and religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Froebels Idea Of The Importance Of Play Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He gained acknowledgment from his first major work in 1826 The Education of Human Nature, but became celebrated subsequently in life when his kindergarten system gained recognition. His thoughts of kindergarten later took root in England, America and Australia and his work and thoughts subsequently influenced Karl Marx. Froebel believed in the integrity in all things saying that: â€Å" an ageless jurisprudence pervades and governs all things. The footing of this all-controlling jurisprudence is an all-pervading, living, self witting and therefore ageless integrity. This integrity is God. † He believed in the integrity of cognition and the interconnectedness of all things. Froebel was of the sentiment that there are defined phases of babyhood, childhood, boyhood and manhood. Stage two of childhood was what Froebel deemed the most of import because he felt that at this phase they begin to come to footings with the integrity of the existence and get down inquiring inquiries about life. His apprehension of childhood was such that each kid has a godly kernel and is linked to the existence: â€Å" it is, so, with childhood that existent instruction begins. At this clip the head demands more attention and attending than does the organic structure † Froebel believed in the kid as basically good. He said â€Å" the lone infallible redress for antagonizing any defects and even evil is to happen the originally good beginnings, the originally good side of the humanaˆÂ ¦ † his belief of the built-in goodness of a kid relates to his thoughts that the kid should be encouraged to assist and educate themselves in a certain regard. He thought that single human chances would come about through the work of the person. He believed that â€Å" the intent of instruction is to promote and steer adult male as a witting, believing and comprehending being in such a manner that divine interior jurisprudence through his ain personal pick ; instruction must demo him the ways and significances of achieving that end. † Froebels ‘ strong belief that kids are of course originative persons and through drama they become cognizant of their topographic point in the universe led to one of his cardinal component of his pedagogical system, which is that of drama. He felt that broadens their apprehension of the environment they live in. Froebel thought that â€Å" drama is the purest, most religious activity of adult male at this phase, † and that â€Å" play, so, is the highest look of human development in childhood, for it entirely is the free look of what is in the kid ‘s ‘ psyche. † Froebel placed this accent on drama in Kindergarten with the usage of gifts ( play stuffs ) and businesss ( activities ) . He believed that worlds are basically productive and originative and through prosecuting with the universe, understanding could blossom. He presented the kids with a series of geometrical gifts that were in a system of classs. A gift was given one at a clip and the kid was left to detect its belongingss and possibilities for design. Here, Froebels thought of integrity was put into pattern, as each plaything related to the following in some manner, which exemplifies the integrity of all objects and things in the universe. For illustration, the first â€Å" gift † is a ball. Froebel writes that we should be â€Å" concerned merely with the ball itself in its simplest signifier and in its simplest dealingss. It may be free, or attached to a twine, and in each instance it can be moved either freely and indeterminately or vertically, horizontally, or sidelong, with mention to given surfaces. Here, as it were, it acts as a usher into the universe of things, following their lineations by its motions, and so stand foring themaˆÂ ¦should be considered in relation to the kid himself. † In this manner, the kid is free to detect the elements of the ball and educate and learn for themselves merely by observation and interaction with the ball. Froebel thought that â€Å" Every external object comes to adult male with the invitation to find its nature and relationships † the succeeding gift after the ball would be the Globe. Its has obvious similarities to the ball, but for a kid, it represents a new degree of apprehension, for illustration its weight means that it moves in a different manner to the ball. The Earth did non ostracize or replace the ball ; it reinforced the old gift of the ball. The kid would come on through phases of gifts and at the same time each phase of understanding. However Froebel was certain that â€Å" m erely the equal development of adult male at each predating phase can consequence and convey approximately equal development at each wining subsequently phase. † He finally felt that: â€Å" a toy is any thing which is related to the kid as agencies to a intent, and which, by making pleasant expectancy, calls forth drama in which he finds fresh and uninterrupted pleasance. † The activities set for the kids in Kindergarten included games, vocals and narratives designed to help in centripetal and physical development and socialization. By playing, kids socialise and copy grownup societal and economic activities as they are bit by bit led into the larger universe of group life. This relates to Froebels ‘ thought of whole kid instruction, where the kid is being educated all unit of ammunition as an person of society. Froebel believed that the teacher-student relationship should be one of equality, non authorization and felt that there should be a strong influence of the parent and siblings on the kid ‘s educational acquisition and ripening. He believed that the kid should have a spiritual instruction every bit good. He states: â€Å" I would educate human existences who with their pess stand rooted in Gods Earth, in nature, whose custodies reach even into Eden and there lay eyes on the truth, in whose Black Marias are united both Earth and Eden, the varied life of Earth and natureaˆÂ ¦ † I have discussed Froebels thought of the importance of drama in kindergarten and in the development of the kid. I believe it is one of his most specific and most emphatic elements of his pedagogical system. However In stating that term from the inquiry, it raises a few jobs. Pedagogy normally refers to a learning system of a comprehensive program on how to educate, whereas Froebels â€Å" teaching method † would be non to hold one. He believed that the kid ‘s environment made up the course of study for the instruction and the kids would learn themselves in certain ways and understand the environment and discover things for themselves. He said that: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦each single scholar contributes to, and collaborates in, his or her ain acquisition. † Through this job it is apparent that Froebel had certain thoughts on childhood that began his theoretical thoughts on kindergarten, which subsequently developed more to the full into a kind of teaching method. In decision it is clear that Froebel was extremely interested in the cardinal figure of the kid and their single acquisition experience, similar to that of today ‘s kid centred instruction. Froebel finally believed â€Å" the indispensable concern of the school is non so much to learn and to pass on a assortment and multiplicity of things, as it is to give prominence to the ever-living integrity that is in all things † Froebels kindergarten system and his thought of the nature of kids are rather cohesive in such ways that he allows the kid to educate themselves in the scene of the kindergarten thought usage of his gifts and allows the kid a certain freedom to research the natural universe and in bend develop their apprehension of the existence. He wanted to develop persons who were all rounded in their instruction and who had certain moral stances and who were in a manner, free minds. In decision, his overall apprehension and purpose of kindergarten was that: â€Å" Edu cation in other words, should take adult male to a clear cognition of himself, to peace with nature, to integrity with God. † How to cite Froebels Idea Of The Importance Of Play Education Essay, Essay examples

Imperatives and Regional Perspectives †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Imperatives and Regional Perspectives. Answer: Introduction: Considering the case law, it can be stated that there are certain legal provisions that includes in the case study. The legal provisions can be divided as contractual terms, promissory estoppels and act of god (Martin 2016). In the given case study, it has been observed that Gareth has made a contract with Visit Victoria for operating a car hiring business. A contract has been made in between them and certain contractual terms are drafted into it (Clark et al. 2016). The terms of the contract play an important role and legal action will be taken against the party who will make any breach regarding the terms in subsequent occasions. Once a contract has been made, the parties will be legally bound by it. They could not make a change in the contractual terms unilaterally. However, the terms of the contract can be changed based on the subsequent requirement. A contract can be amended by obtaining the consent of both the parties (Carrizosa and Ryan 2017). Any party is restricted to change the terms of the contract all of a sudden. It has also between observed that one of the contracting parties, Visit Victoria has made a promise to Gareth that they will make extra payment to Gareth for supplying car. According to the law of contract, promise is a legal consideration that has been made between two parties and the promise maker is bound by the terms of the promise. According to the general principle of law, if the person who makes the promise does not follow all the terms of the promise, the other party can sue him and can claim compensation from them. Therefore, it can be stated that the promise maker is stopped to state that he cannot follow all the promises. This doctrine is known as the promissory estoppels. If the promise maker could not make his promise and the other party suffers any reasonable loss from the same, the victim can claim compensation from the promise maker (Delmolino et al. 2016). Further, it is to be proved that the party has relied on the promis sory terms and suffered from an actual and substantial loss. It has been observed in this case the company Visit Victoria has made a promise to Gareth and depending on the terms of the promise, Gareth supplied car to the event. However, in subsequent event, it has been observed that the party has denied making the payment that they had promised to Gareth and Gareth has suffered from financial losses due to it. It can be stated further that Gareth was relied on the promissory terms and when the company had denied making the payment, he has been suffered from mentally and financially. In this case, the company Visit Victoria is estopped to deny the promissory terms and make the proposed payment to the company. In case the company does not pay the same, Gareth can claim compensation, as promise is a legal consideration and denial of it can be treated as legal breach. In this case, an assumption has been made that states about a volcano eruption and the consequence of it. This problem attracts the provision of Act of God. Act of God is a general provision of law that deals with all the hazards resulted from the natural calamities such as earthquake, storm, volcano eruption and the like (Saul, Barnes and Elliott 2016). According to the legal and ethical approach, human being has no control over the natural calamities and therefore, damage could not be claimed from any parties to this effect. This principle is based on the maxim of force majeure. The principle of act of God has been maintained in the provisions of contract law and tort law. Under the provision of the contract law, Act of God is interpreted as implied defense and in case any promise has been made, the legal value of the promise can be ceased with the claim that the losses caused by the natural calamities are unforeseeable occurrence (Helw and Mohammad 2018). Under the provision of common law, any breach of contractual terms will lead the claimant towards specific performance and every party is bound by the contractual terms at any extent. This principle has been over ruled in the case of Taylor v Caldwell [1863] EWHC QB J1, where the court has found that if in any case performing of the contractual terms become impossible and neither party have made any breach to the contract, parties can be excused from their obligations regarding the contract. This principle is based on the frustration of contract. In the case of Tort law, this principle has been established inTransco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council [2003] UKHL 61. If a neighboring house has been collapsed due to an earthquake, the owner of the house is restricted to make any complain against the attached house owner for the same. In the case of Memphis Charlestown RR Co. v. Reeves, 77 U.S. 176 (1870), it has been proved that if a road has been destroyed by the natural hazards like flood, the same will be treated as act of God. Lisa Dennis had explained the term Act of God by providing an example. According to her, if a tree has fallen in the property of another and destroy certain portions of the property and if it has been found in subsequent event that wild weather is responsible for the fall, the owner of the property could not bring an action against the municipality. The reason is that the tree has been fallen due to certain unforeseeable cause. In Timbs v Shoalhaven City Council[2004] NSWCA 81, the court observed that the damage should be unforeseeable in nature and if it has been found that the damage has been resulted by the negligent act of someone, it will not be treated as Act of God. This theory has been established in this case. In the present case, it has been assumed that if the travelers could not go for any air travels due to volcano eruption, what will be the consequence. According to the provision of the Act of God, it can be stated that the company, Visit Victoria will not be held liable for the incident, as volcano eruption falls under the scope of natural calamities and the company can take the plea of Act of God. However, it should be bored in mind that the incident should be unforeseeable in nature. This means if the company has any prior information regarding the volcano eruption and still they cannot take any kind of necessary steps or could not informed the travelers regarding the eruption, the company will be held liable for the losses incurred to the travelers due to the eruption. The main issue of the case is to determine whether Gareth is under an obligation to pay the full amount of compensation or not. Further, it is to be determined what options can be available for Gareth in case the company accept all the situation of Gareth. This case is based on Contract Act and the process of changing the terms of the contract. It has been observed in this case that Gareth has made a contract with the Peninsula Tour and certain terms were in between them. However, it has been observed after certain period, many drivers had been resigned from their post and it was observed that Gareth became helpless for that. In this case, it has been observed that according to the contractual terms, Gareth is obliged to serve five cars on daily basis and he is bound to serve the same to the other party, as the nature of the contract is legal. However, it has been observed that he had provided prior information to the other party regarding the issue and make subsequent change to the contractual terms by serving only three cars per day instead of three cars. The problem that has been cropped up in this case is that whether Gareth can make such amendment to the contractual terms. Amendment is a change that has been taken place regarding the terms of any contract or legal documents (Barraket et al. 2017). There are certain rules prescribed for making an amendment. A party can change the previous terms by way of an amendment. The rules of amendment vary from different places. It is to be noted that whole terms of the contract could not be changed by way of a contract. Consent of both the parties is required in the case of amendment (Balkin 2015). Under the contract law, it has been mentioned that in case of any extensive changes, the parties should make a new agreement with each other. It is not clear from the case that whether the Peninsula Tour has accepted the conditions of Gareth or not or whether any amendment has been made in between them or not. However, Gareth is not allowed to make change on his own requirement only. In that case, he is bound by the contractual terms of the agreement. Further, it is to be stated that in case of contract, no parties can change the terms of it individually and therefore, it is required that both the parties should have to give their consent regarding the change. However, in this case, it cannot be stated that Peninsula Tour has given their consent over the proposal made by Gareth and until the Tour Company agree with the proposal of Gareth, he cannot make any change regarding the terms of the contract. The case is based on the general principle of contract law. According to the law, the agreement made between the parties should be legal in nature. In Balfour v Balfour (1919), it has been held by the court that domestic agreements that are made in between the parties during their matrimonial knot are not contract. However, in the case of Merritt v Merritt (1970), court has stated that if an agreement has been made in between the spouses after breaking down their marriage, such agreement will be known as a valid contract. Being a valid contract, the nature of the contract should be legal. This principle has been established in the recent case of David v Baker [2015] NSWSC 393, where the court was of the view that mere promise does not create any legal impression and therefore, it will not be a part of the contractual terms and policies. Under the legal parlance, it is required that both the parties should have certain legal obligation regarding the making of contract. If the intentio n of the parties is not legal, no agreement will conclude in contract. In Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd vs. KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1989) 2 NSWLR 309, this principle has been established. According to Samuel Stolijar (1988), every legal obligation should reflect the principle of morality. However, if any breach has been made regarding the promise or contractual terms, the affected party may sue the other party under the provision of specific performance of contract. According to Charles Fried (2004), both the parties to a contract are required to abide by all the terms and the nature of the terms should be mandatory. Holmes has clarified the vision by stating the fact that any of the party can make a breach to the contractual terms but in that case, they should have to pay compensation to the other party. It is no doubt to state that both the parties are relied on the terms of the contract and in case any of them are not followed the term of the contract, other party can face serious loss from that. It can be understood from proper interpretation of the contractual terms that legal interest of both the parties are engraved in a contract and it is the primary rights an d duties of the parties to maintain all the terms of the contract. It is required that no parties should infringe the substantive primary duties. In Farley v Skinner [2002] 2 AC 732, it has been mentioned that in case of any breach regarding the performing the obligations, the wrongdoer should pay compensation to the affected party. The nature of the contractual terms follows Aristotles theory of corrective justice. This theory is based on the principle of equality that empowers both the parties with certain rights and reciprocal duties. This theory has been matured by the correct interpretation of Immanuel Kant, who has invented the theory of natural justice. According to him, both the parties should have certain limitations as the contractual performances are based on juridical manifestation. In this case, it has been observed that Gareth has made a contract and according to the contractual terms, he should deliver five cars every day. However, certain downturn has been observed in his business and many drivers have resigned from their post. However, Gareth feels helpless and informed about the situation to the other party and state about his condition for serving five cars as stated in the contract. In this case, it has not been observed that whether the other party has given their consent over the same or not. It has been observed that Gareth had automatically changed the character of the terms and started to deliver three cars instead of five. According to the general principle of law, both the parties are required to give consent in any case of change in the contractual terms and in the absence of this consent, it will be considered as breach of terms if any of the parties have changed the nature of the contract. Therefore, it can be stated that consent of Peninsula T our is required; otherwise, the company can sue Gareth for the breach of contractual terms. Further, it can be stated contractual terms reflects the promissory obligation of the parties. It can be stated in this case that the promise maker should not break the terms of the promise and in case of any breach regarding the same, the breaching party must have to pay compensation to the other party by law. It is no value to state whether the breaching party has invested so much money or not on the changing terms. There is a second assumption made in the case where it has been mentioned that what will be the consequential difference in case Peninsula Tours would have accepted the later terms of Gareth. It has been mentioned under the common law principle that the terms of the contract made all the parties bind by law. However, dispute arises regarding the question that what will happen if any adverse situation cropped up during the contractual period. The law of contract has simplifies the dispute by stating the fact that if the party to the contract can amend the terms or any of the terms of the previous contract with the consent of both the parties (Balkin 2015). It should be bored in mind that total terms of the contract are not changed by the amendment. Therefore, it can be stated that if Peninsula Tours have agreed to proceed with the new condition of Gareth, they should make an amendment to his effect. A contract can be amended based on consideration ground and the parties should have to give mutual consent over the same. It is possible that Peninsula Tour will consider the situation of Gareth by assuming that fact he faces and agree to take the services of three cars. In this case, amend of the contractual terms is the best option available in this case. Therefore, in this case, it can be stated that the Peninsula Tours can claim compensation from Gareth for breaching the terms of the contract. Regarding the second issue, it can be stated that Gareth is not personally liable for the situation and he has no control over the matter. However, he is required to obtain the confirmation from the Peninsula Tour before in vesting the money. However, if the tour company will consider the situation of Gareth, both the parties should have to make amendment to the contract to this effect. The main issue that has been cropped up from the present case study is to find out the rights and obligation of the parties to the contract and whether Gareth is obliged to pay the compensation to the event party. The case is based on the principle of frustration of contract and breach of contract (Sen 2016). The fact of the case is apart from the car business, Gareth is organizing events and supply all event related stuff to the parties. He made a contract with a party and according to the terms of the contract, he has promised to supply related materials on the date of event. Therefore, it is cleared from this portion that Gareth is obliged to supply all the materials to the other contracting party. However, it has been observed that before the date of delivery, his car has met with an accident and all the proposed stuffs were destroyed. Now the question is whether Gareth will be held liable for the destruction of the stuffs or not. This dilemma is based on the principle of frustration of contract. According to the law of Contract, if in a situation, any unexpected event happened and any of the parties have no control over the matter, the contract will be revoked automatically. This principle is known as frustration of contract. This principle is based on ethical perception. However, not all the terms of the contract are revoked; only the future proceedings are discharged by this principle. All the obligations which were due before the contract has been frustrated will be still in operation and no party take any excuse regarding those terms. Under the common law, it has been stated that if the purpose of the contract has been delayed for the matter of frustration, the base of the contract will be revoked and no parties are expected to wait for long delay to identify the fact whether they are bound by the terms of the contract any more or not. If either party regarding the delay can show any reasonable probabilit ies, the contractual obligation will be revoked. One of the essential elements of frustration of contract is that the event that causes the delay is unforeseen in nature. According to the law, any kind of hardship or material loss will be treated as the bad bargain and parties will not be being excused by so. The similar principle has been established in the case of Davis Contractors Limited v Fareham Urban District Council [1956] AC 969). Further, there should no chances of possibility to forecast the occurrence before it has been taken place. If there are any chances to foresee the fateful event, the same will not come under the purview of frustration (Burrows 2016). The parties to the contract should not make any fault regarding the same. Therefore, in case where any of the parties are involved in such events, they will be legally barred to take the plea of frustration. In Australia, the doctrine of frustration has been established by the case of Codelfa Construction Pty Limited v SRA of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR 337. According to the Frustration Contracts Act 1978 [NSW], insurance contract is excluded from the definition of the frustration of contract. It has also been mentioned under the Act that if any particular task has been due before the period of frustration, that task will be discharged. Any party to the contract can make a claim for compensation for that part which has been performed before the contra ct has been frustrated. Therefore, the parties can claim the part of the contract only. This principle has been established in the case of Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairburn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd[1943] AC 32. In this case, it has been observed that before the event, Gareth has met with an accident, which is unforeseen in nature. Therefore, it can be stated that the contract between Gareth and Event Company will be revoked based on the principle of frustration. Further, Gareth can show sufficient cause in case of any delay regarding the delivery of event stuffs. However, it is very difficult to establish the fact that a contract has been frustrated. It is so because hardship is not treated as proper ground for frustration. Even no fault of either party will form the essential of frustration of contract. It is to be shown by the parties that formation of the contract is impossible and impracticable under the legal parlance. Therefore, the parties to the contract must show the facts that the delay has been made for sufficient cause. Therefore, in this case, it has been noticed that the car of Gareth has met with a fatal accident and all the instruments were destroyed. It can be stated that the accident was unforeseeable and therefore, he can take the plea of frustration of contract in this case. However, it should be analyzed whether delivery of the stuffs after the accident was possible or not. In this case, it has been observed that he has delivered the stuffs but all of them were of lower quality and the artist had refused to perform with the stuffs. It has been stated earlier that a contract has been made in between Gareth and the event company. According to the contractual term, Gareth was required to serve musical stuffs and tents to the company. However, it is not mentioned in the case study that whether any quality of the materials were mentioned or not. It has been observed that the artist of the event has denied performing with lower quality of stuffs and the company has to face serious financial loss due to this. However, the dispute that has been raised in this case is whether the company can claim compensation from Gareth for supplying lower quality of products. Before getting into the main discussion, it should be kept in mind that the car has met with a serious accident before the day of event and therefore, he has managed to supply the products at the stipulated time by purchasing the local products. According to the terms of the contract, Gareth was obliged to supply the products to the event and he has done it. However, the artist has denied performing there due to lower quality of product. It is to be stated that the losses incurred by the contracting parties are not for the negligence of Gareth as he had supplied the stuffs in time. His acts can be excused by the provision of the frustration of contract. The accident was unforeseeable for him; rather the affected party should claim the compensation from the artist who has denied performing at the time. There is no mention in the contract that Gareth has to supply quality products at the event. He has fulfilled his obligations accordingly. 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